Bhandara district

Bhandara is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in

India. The district headquarters are located at Bhandara. The district occupies an area of 3890 km² and has a population of

1,136,146 of which 15.47% are urban (as of 2001). [1]

The district is famous for its rice production. Tumsar, a tahsil

town, is a famous rice market. Bhandara town is also known as 'Brass City' owing to the presence of a large brass products

industry.
Ashok Leyland, a Hinduja Group Company, has a production facility at Gadegaon near Bhandara. Sunflag Iron Steel

company and Shivmangal Ispat Pvt. Ltd. are other major industrial undertakins in the district.

Korambi, about 8 km

from Bhandara town, is a popular tourist attraction, especially in winter. The devi temple on the hill and the Vainganga

river flowing on one side of it is another scenic location at Korambi.

 
Bhandara is a city

and a municipal council in Bhandara district in the state of Maharashtra, India.
 
Geography

Bhandara is located at [show location on an interactive map] 21.17° N 79.65° E.[1] It has an average elevation of 244

metres (800 feet).
 
Demographics
As of 2001 India census,GRIndia Bhandara had a population

of 85,034. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bhandara has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than

the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 75%. 11% of the population is under 6 years

of age.
 
Population
In sociology and biology a population is the collection of people or

organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or space, usually measured by a

census.
 
Populations are studied, in particular, in a branch of ecology known as population biology, and in

population genetics. In population dynamics, size, age and sex structure, mortality, reproductive behaviour, and growth of a

population are studied. In biology, an isolated population denotes a breeding group whose members breed mostly or solely

among themselves, usually as a result of physical isolation, although biologically they could breed with any members of the

species. If there are several completely or nearly completely isolated populations in the global population of a taxon, these

are called subpopulations. The metapopulation is a network of subpopulations in a given area (which may be global), where the

individuals of the various subpopulations are able to cross uninhabitable areas of the region. Biological dispersal is one of

the key elements affecting such populations; if dispersal is sufficiently low for a prolonged period of time, speciation is

likely to be a consequence.
 
Demography is the study of human populations. Its three central foci are the

processes of fertility, mortality, and migration, though the field encompasses many dimensions of population change including

the family (marriage and divorce), public health, work and the labor force, and family planning. Various aspects of human

behavior in populations are also studied in sociology, economics, and geography. Study of populations is almost always

governed by the laws of probability, and the conclusions of the studies may thus not always be applicable to some

individuals. This odd factor may be reduced by statistical means, but such a generalization may be too vague to imply

anything. Demography is used extensively in marketing, which relates to economic units, such as retailers, to potential

customers. For example, a coffee shop that wants to sell to a younger audience, looks at the demographics of an area to be

able to appeal to this younger audience.
 
Population pyramid
 
The age and gender

distribution of a population within a given nation or region is commonly represented by means of a population pyramid. This

is a triangular distribution with the portions of the population along the horizontal X-axis and the 5-year age groups

(cohorts) along the vertical Z-axis. Male population is shown to the left of the vertical axis and female to the

right.
 
Showing the age structure of the population in this way allows some broad inferences about age-related

mortality rates to be made. Nations with low infant mortality and high longevity will display a more rectangular shape as

most of the population lives to old age. Other countries have a more pyramidal shape with a wide base, reflecting higher

infant mortality and greater risk of early death.
 
Population growth
Population growth is

change in population over time. It also can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit

time. The term population growth can technically refer to any species, but almost always refers to humans, and it often used

informally for the more specific demographic term population growth rate, and is often used to refer specifically to the

growth of the population of the world.
 
Population decline
 
Population decline is a

decrease in a region's population. It can be caused by sub-replacement fertility, heavy emigration, or more dramatically

disease, famine, or war. In the past, population decline was mostly caused by disease. The Black Death in Europe and the

arrival of Old World diseases to the Americas all caused massive population declines.
 
In biology, population

decline of a species is usually described as a result of gradually worsening environmental factors, such as prolonged drought

or loss of inhabitable areas for the studied species. These, or other factors, may lead to a small population, in which case

genetic factors may become dominant in the survival, or extinction of a population.
Under-population is recognized when

there are more resources in an area (for example, food, energy and minerals) than can be used by the people living there.

Hence, the maximum human potential of that area is not realized as the resources are not fully exploited. Countries like

Canada and Australia can export the surplus of food, energy, and mineral resources, have high incomes, good living conditions

and level of technology and immigration.
 
Some rural areas close to major cities in advanced countries such as

the UK are under-populated due to outward migration. In the UK, the Southwest Wales and the highlands of Scotland are less

densely populated compared to the rest of the country. This has also happened in older declining industrial areas and the

outward movement or migration has been due to lower wages and unemployment. This phenomenon results in a decline in a

population. With fewer people, there is a decrease in demands for services. The lower level of services therefore sometimes

encourages further outward migration.
 
However, when making comparisons on a global scale, there does not seem to

be any direct correlation between population density and over- or under-population. For example, Brazil is 'over-populated'

with two people per square kilometer, whereas portions of California may have further carrying capacity with over 500 people

per square kilometer. Therefore, this is related to the amount of available resources. Similarly, population density is not

necessarily related to the GDP per capita. The Netherlands and Germany, for example, both have a high GDP per capita and a

high population density whereas Canada and Australia have a high GDP per capita and a low population density, while

Bangladesh has low GDP per capita and a high population density, etc.
 
The balance of population and resources

within a country may be uneven. For example, a country may have a population, which is too great for one resource such as

energy, yet too small to use fully a second such as food supply.
 
Various attempts to address population

decline have been made:
 
 * Improving communication networks and transport facilities makes

remote places more accessible. This strategy was used in developing countries like Nigeria and Tanzania where modern railway

networks were established, but these attempts were not very successful.
 * Establishment of new capital cities,

new towns, or development growth points. For example, Brazil has a population imbalance between the coastal parts from east

and south and the rest of the country. Brasilia, the new capital was created in the 1960s in the country's geographical

center to attract people into the North and Center-West regions, but this had limited effect, as most of these unpopulated

areas are occupied by large forests and swamps.
 * Regional development programs. In Brazil, the interior

improvement of transport networks and development of secondary growth points and rural development have all been enhanced to

attract more people and discourage out-migration. The standard of living in such regions is expected to gradually improve due

to improved resource utilization.
 * Pronatalist policies providing tax incentives, paid maternity leaves,

daycare, or other benefits to families to bear more children. Such policies have been tried, with mixed success, in Western

Europe in recent years.
 
Population control
 
Population control is the practice of

curtailing population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate. Surviving records from Ancient Greece document the first

known examples of population control. These include the colonization movement, which saw Greek outposts being built across

the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins to accommodate the excess population of individual states. An important example of

mandated population control is China's one-child policy, in which having more than one child is made extremely unattractive.

This has led to allegations that practices like infanticide, forced abortions, and forced sterilization are used as a result

of the policy.
 
It is helpful to distinguish between fertility control as individual decision-making and

population control as a governmental or state-level policy of regulating population growth. Fertility control may occur when

individuals or couples or families take steps to decrease or to regulate the timing of their own child-bearing. In Ansley

Coale's oft-cited formulation, three preconditions for a sustained decline in fertility are: (1) acceptance of calculated

choice (as opposed to fate or chance or divine will) as a valid element in fertility, (2) perceived advantages from reduced

fertility, and (3) knowledge and mastery of effective techniques of control.[2] In contrast to a society with natural

fertility, a society that desires to limit fertility and has the means to do so may use those means to delay childbearing,

space childbearing, or stop childbearing. Delaying sexual intercourse (or marriage), or the adoption of natural or artificial

means of contraception are most often an individual or family decision, not a matter of a state policy or societal-wide

sanctions. On the other hand, individuals who assume some sense of control over their own fertility can also accelerate the

frequency or success of child-bearing through planning.
 
At the societal level, declining fertility is almost an

inevitable result of growing secular education of women . However, the exercise of moderate to high levels of fertility

control does not necessarily imply low fertility rates. Even among societies that exercise substantial fertility control,

societies with an equal ability to exercise fertility control (to determine how many children to have and when to bear them)

may display widely different levels of fertility (numbers of children borne) associated with individual and cultural

preferences for the number of children or size of families.[3]
 
In contrast to fertility control, which is mainly

an individual-level decision, governments may attempt to exercise population control by increasing access to means of

contraception or by other population policies and programs.[4] The idea of "population control" as a governmental or

societal-level regulation of population growth does not require "fertility control" in the sense that it has been defined

above, since a state can affect the growth of a society's population even if that society practices little fertility

control. It's also important to embrace policies favoring population increase as an aspect of population control, and not to

assume that states want to control population only by limiting its growth. To stimulate population growth, governments may

support not only immigration but also pronatalist policies such as tax benefits, financial awards, paid work leaves, and

childcare to encourage the bearing of additional children.[5] Such policies have been pursued in recent years in France and

Sweden, for example. With the same goal of increasing population growth, on occasion governments have sought to limit the use

of abortion or modern means of birth control. An example was Romania's 1966 ban on access to contraception and abortion on

demand.
 
In ecology, population control is on occasions considered to be done solely by predators, diseases,

parasites, and environmental factors. At many times human effects on animal and plant populations are also considered. See

also [2]. Migrations of animals may be seen as a natural way of population control, for the food on land is more abundant on

some seasons. The area of the migrations' start is left to reproduce the food supply for large mass of animals next time

around. See also immigration.